The life-support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea-level partial pressures. Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person-days. A new Soyuz spacecraft must be made for every mission. The Soyuz is not reusable it is expendable. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m 3 (220 cu ft) in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m 3 (260 cu ft) in Soyuz) in the mass budget. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached, which contains the instruments and engines.A small aerodynamic reentry module, which returns the crew to Earth.A spheroid orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during their mission.Design Diagram showing the three elements of the Soyuz TMA spacecraftĪ Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back): The spacecraft is intended to be replaced by the six-person Orel spacecraft. At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked to ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). Despite these early incidents, Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle, established by its unparalleled length of operational history. These are the only humans to date who are known to have died above the Kármán line. The only other flight to suffer a fatal accident, Soyuz 11, killed its crew of three when the cabin depressurized just before reentry. Soyuz 3, launched on 26 October 1968, became the program's first successful crewed mission. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but ended with a crash due to a parachute failure, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. The first Soyuz flight was uncrewed and started on 28 November 1966. Although China did launch crewed Shenzhou flights during this time, none of them docked with the ISS. Between the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle and the 2020 demo flight of SpaceX Crew Dragon, the Soyuz served as the only means to ferry crew to or from the International Space Station, for which it remains heavily used. It is launched on a Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia). 'Union') is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. Latest launch: Soyuz MS-23: 24 February 2023 (uncrewed) Up to 6 months (docked to International Space Station) ( circumlunar spaceflight during early program) Soyuz MS, the latest version of the spacecraftĬarry cosmonauts to orbit and back (originally for Soviet Moonshot and Salyut and Mir space station transportation)
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